Malcolm Leslie Luxton, 1947-2026

A Review of the “GeoTrips” Website

A Review of Peter Ballance’s (2017) “New Zealand Geology: An Illustrated Guide”

Oliver’s White Chalcedony Stone from Moeraki Village Area

Oliver Simpson found this stone on a beach near Moeraki Village in North Otago, just a few kilometres from the well-known Moeraki boulders. The stone is probably chalcedony with a white frosted outer layer, likely caused by weathering. One side of it seems to have a thicker layer of white than the other.

Oliver and I discussed if we should try tumble polishing the stone to see what was beneath the white. We both liked the white skin and I was skeptical whether tumbling would “improve” it. But Oliver thought it was worth a go, so I took it home and tumbled it for him. I was floored when I saw the results of the first 400 grit tumble! One side was still predominantly white but the other was a revelation, revealing the inside structure of the stone.

After consultation with Oliver, I put the stone through another week’s tumble in 400 grit. Not a lot of change occurred, and we discussed whether to try to remove more of the outer layer. We decided that the odd white speck on the “A” side was ok. I went on to polish the stone, before sending it back to Oliver in the mail.

The final polish did not add a lot – the most significant changes occurred with the initial 400 grit tumble. The end product shows, on one side (Side A), what is inside the stone, which also turns out to be translucent.

The other side (Side B) retained some of the original interesting weathering and its patterns.

The Fossilised Worm Cast Stones of Gemstone Beach and Riverton – Part Two: What is a Trace Fossil? From Dinosaur Traces to Sea-Pen Traces

“Fossils are the preserved evidence of past life. They may include organic remains such as wood, shells, bones and teeth that have been buried, mineralised, and turned to stone” (Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand). Fossils are very important to geology because they are used to date sedimentary rock strata, just like pottery and other artifacts are used to date archaeological layers. Fossils don’t survive the forces that produce metamorphic rocks nor the extreme heat associated with volcanic rocks, so they are found only in sedimentary rocks.

Fossil worm cast stones, like those above, introduced in the first Post in this series, are examples of trace fossils (also known as “ichno-fossils“), which are different from most other types of fossils. In the book, “A Photographic Guide to Fossils of New Zealand“, written by Hamish Campbell, Allan Beu, James Crampton, Liz Kennedy and Marianna Terezow (2013), it is pointed out that trace fossils are not the organic remains of dead organisms. “They include marks, traces, tracks, burrows and deposits that relate to animal and plant behaviour, dead or alive” (page 9). The authors go on to state that trace fossils “record an animal’s moving, exploring, escaping, hiding, breathing, hunting feeding, excreting, reproducing, growing, playing fighting, dying, or resting” (page 10).

Take as an example of a trace fossil, the footprints which record the movement of a dinosaur. In Bolivia is a limestone cliff on the face of which can be seen the footprints of at least eight different dinosaur species, left as trace impressions over 68 million years ago. A news article in “The Guardian” in 2011 explains how the footprints were made: “The creatures’ feet sank into the soft shoreline in warm damp weather, leaving marks that were solidified by later periods of drought. Wet weather then returned, sealing the prints below mud and sediment. The wet-dry pattern was repeated seven times, preserving multiple layers of prints. The cherry on the cake was added when tectonic activity pushed the flat ground up to a brilliant viewing angle.” See the photos below.

Dinosaur trace fossil footprints have also been found in New Zealand, in northwest Nelson. In 2009, GNS Geologist Greg Browne came across 70-million year old dinosaur footprints in sandstone around the shores of Westhaven (Whanganui) Inlet. They were the very first dinosaur footprints to be recognised in New Zealand as well as providing the first evidence of dinosaurs in the South Island. 

There is an excellent YouTube clip in which Greg Browne shows the dinosaur trace fossil footprints he discovered, discusses how they were made, and points out the information provided by such fossils. According to a 2016 news report, it is thought that the footprints were most likely made by the colossal sauropod dinosaurs, the largest animals to have walked on Earth, growing to about 40 metres in length and weighing more than 100 tonnes (there is a depiction of a sauropod below the next video clip, the photo on the left). But there can often some doubt over exactly what dinosaur makes trace fossil footprints. We don’t have live dinosaurs whose contemporary footprints we can study!   

In May this year, a significant trace fossil find in Otago, New Zealand, happened when Michael Johnson found some moa footprints that had been exposed in a streambed. Floods had scoured away the bed to expose the footprints, which had been made in clay.   

Those who have studied dinosaur trace fossil footprints have pointed out that different substrates (sand, mud, silt etc.) and environments (land, stream, coast etc.) offer different chances of preserving them. An excellent diagram is in the photo below right.

Similar issues arise with the trace fossils of small marine animals like those whose markings have been left on the stones of the south coast. In “A Photographic Guide to Fossils of New Zealand” are only two trace fossil entries, on page 64, the first of which looks similar to the fossil worm casts found at Gemstone Beach and Riverton (see below). In the second entry, it is noted that the animal responsible for the traces is unknown despite the distinctiveness of the trace.

Another New Zealand example of a trace fossil can be found in Jocelyn Thornton’s (2013) “The Field Guide to New Zealand Geology”. On page 64 she refers to “the feeding traces of a wormlike creature, possibly something like a sea-pen”, these traces being “rows of grey arrowheads” and “swirling patterns” (see photo of text extract below). A sea-pen actually doesn’t look like a worm (see photos below) but it has a “peduncle” to anchor itself in sand or mud. A “peduncle” is a stalk-like part by which the sea-pen is attached to its substrate, by burrowing into it. As a New Zealand guide to sea-pens puts it: “Virtually all sea pens attach to the soft substrata of benthic sediments by an unbranched rootlike and sausage-shaped muscular peduncle enabling them to stand erect” (page 3 of “Pennatulacea (Sea Pens) Descriptions for the New Zealand Region“, 2014, by Gary Williams, Di Tracey and Erika Mackay). I guess it is the peduncle that will leave burrow-like traces behind, but it’s difficult to see them as having much length or going in a curving direction.  

Nevertheless, this example from Thornton’s book raises again that important point about the kind of trace fossils I am interested in (the kind of traces left by marine worm-like animals). The point is that there is a distinction between the trace itself and the animal that makes the trace. What we have available to us are the traces – we then have to work out what animals made the traces (just as the dinosaur researchers have to do). And it may be that more than one kind of marine animal can make the same kind of trace. And can different traces be made by the same animal?

Furthermore, other things than animals can make “traces” on the sea floor or on rocks. Three different kinds of “pseudofossils”, commonly mistaken for trace fossils, are referred to in “A Photographic Guide to Fossils of New Zealand”. These are: sedimentary features such as ripples, caused by sea currents acting on sand, silt and mud (see photo below left); mineral growths, such as iron and manganese hydroxide minerals growing on the surface of a crack in a rock (see photo below middle); and structural features, such as clay minerals having a preferred orientation leading to regular patterns in a rock (see photo below right).

For more on pseudofossils, see Western Australia Dept of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety and Wikipedia

In the next Post in this series, I will examine the shapes of the traces found in the fossilised worm cast stones of Gemstone Beach and Riverton. Later Posts will then try to make sense of these shapes.

“It Dawned on Me” – I’ll light a beacon

001

“It Dawned on Me” by Dave Dobbyn

There’s a black blue front stole the west horizon
Under ocean song hear the tolling bell
On the seventh wave rides my aspirations
They will break, for sure, all my dreams to tell
It dawned on me
It dawned on me
It just dawned on me
This must be what your heart reveals

Blood red bloom pohutukawa
The black dunes hiss with the grasses’ breath
I’ll gather my driftwood and light a beacon
It’s for you I cry, it’s for you I burn
It dawned on me
It dawned on me
It just dawned on me
This must be what your heart reveals

And hey! It just dawned on me for the first time
This must be what your heart reveals

It dawned on me
It dawned on me
It dawned on me
This must be what your heart reveals.

Another Visit to Birdlings Flat, Late June 2016 – Part One: Taumutu

I introduced my wife Petra to Birdlings Flat. We started with a visit to Taumutu, at the southwest end of Kaitorete Spit (although Kaitorete Barrier Beach is a more accurate term for this enormous 25 kilometres long gravel bank).  Taumutu is a rural district on the coast, the other end of Lake Ellesmere from the Birdlings Flat village.

The late winter’s afternoon was cold and windy so we had to wrap up warmly when we ventured onto the beach. We spent maybe only 30 to 40 minutes there before needing to retreat to the car to escape the chilling of the onshore wind. We managed to walk up and down the beach in both directions and collect a few stones. These were similar to those found anywhere along this stretch of coastline, including quartzites and agates.

 

“Soul of Southland…”

A Southland stone, a Southland song…

008

“I heard the boom of a kakapo, the sound of a takahe shrill, as the sun crept over the eastern ridges and warmed the morning hills…” The song begins by referring to two amazing birds. The first, the kakapo, is unique – a flightless parrot, the world’s heaviest parrot, maybe the longest living bird, which is also nocturnal. The male kakapo produces a low-frequency “boom” to attract potential mates, a quiet call to our ears but it can be heard by another kakapo up to 5 kilometres away.  With only about 125 individuals known to exist, the kakapo is critically endangered.

The second bird featuring at the start of John Grenell’s song is the takahe – another large flightless bird, but thought to have been extinct at the beginning of the 19th  century. A small population was discovered in 1948 in the isolated Murchison Mountains in southern New Zealand. Still a critically endangered species, ongoing conservation efforts mean that a population of maybe a couple of hundred exists. These two takahe (below) reside at Te Anau in Southland, and I visited them in February 2016 on my way to the beaches of the Southland coast.

John Grenell “Song of Southland”

I heard the boom of a kakapo, the sound of a takahe shrill
as the sun crept over the eastern ridges and warmed the morning hills
I heard the sound of a station hound as it wakens to the day
I once followed the farm dog’s dreams as I wandered on my way

Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me
Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu mountain memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me

She loved the sound of the banjo ring and she loved those mandolin tunes
As I recall she loved them all beneath the Monowai moon
She loved the soft and the easy wind as it whispred through the hill
And I like to think that if I go back again that she’d maybe love me still

Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me
Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu mountain memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me

The times they come and the times they go, you win sometimes you lose
Hey I love my living in every breath and how I love to sing the blues
When I hear a bellbird’s call, my heart jumps in a whirl
It reminds me of some times I spent with a Mararoa River girl

Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me
Back to the soul of Southland and a Takitimu mountain memory
Fills my mind with another time, brings her back to me

My Visit to Birdlings Flat, Day 1 of 2

Last week I visited Birdlings Flat. The weather and tide were very good. Even though it is just about winter, the temperatures were in the mid-20s (centigrade) due to a strong warm north-westerly wind. And the tide was going out, meaning that wet stones were accessible at the tide-line. Some cars were parked partly on the beach but I didn’t want to risk getting stuck in the loose stones so stayed up near the road. The walk to the sea is across about 300-400 metres of stones, mostly greywacke it seems, and sometimes sorted into different sizes by natural processes – a patch of larger stones is followed by a band of smaller stones. There were a couple of people fishing from the beach, a couple sitting and watching the waves, and a photographer tramped the stones near the eastern end. A motor-cyclist went up and down the beach a bit further west, but otherwise it was a very quiet scene.

When I reached the tide-line, I spent about 3 1/2 hours walking initially westwards along the beach before turning back and walking eastwards. I had intended to reach the cliffs at the east end but gave up before I got there as I had collected quite a few stones already, my backpack was getting heavy, and I knew I would be coming back the next day. Late afternoon, before heading back to Christchurch for the evening, I drove down Bayleys Road which runs along Kaitorete Spit. After about 9-10 kilometres, there is a beach access track. I spent about 30-40 minutes on the beach there, scanning for more stones. Here there is more sand and less stones but still some excellent pickings are possible.

I ended up with about 8 kilograms of stones.

See also My Visit to Birdlings Flat, Day 2: Gemstone and Fossil Museum and My Visit to Birdlings Flat, Day 2: Stone Collecting.